SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Syntex</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syntex</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Syntrex" title="Syntrex">Syntrex</a>.</div>

<p><b>Laboratorios Syntex SA</b> (later <b>Syntex Laboratories, Inc.</b>) was a pharmaceutical company formed in <a href="Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in January 1944 by <a href="Russell_Marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Marker">Russell Marker</a>, Emeric Somlo, and Federico Lehmann to manufacture therapeutic <a href="Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a> from the Mexican yams called <i>cabeza de negro</i> (<i><a href="Dioscorea_mexicana" title="Dioscorea mexicana">Dioscorea mexicana</a></i>) and <i>Barbasco</i> (<i><a href="Dioscorea_composita" title="Dioscorea composita">Dioscorea composita</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gereffi_Page_83_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gereffi_Page_83-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand for barbasco by Syntex initiated the <a href="Mexican_barbasco_trade" title="Mexican barbasco trade">Mexican barbasco trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laveaga_Page_3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laveaga_Page_3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>As the American Chemistry Society later explained: “In early 1944, the new Mexican company was chartered and named Syntex, S.A. (‘Synthesis and Mexico’). Russell Marker, shortly thereafter, left Syntex on account of his ruthless cofounder.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Luis_E._Miramontes" title="Luis E. Miramontes">Luis E. Miramontes</a>, <a href="George_Rosenkranz" title="George Rosenkranz">George Rosenkranz</a> and <a href="Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a>'s successful synthesis of norethisterone (also known as <a href="Norethindrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethindrone">norethindrone</a>) — which was later proven to be an effective pregnancy inhibitor — led to an infusion of capital into Syntex and the Mexican steroid pharmaceutical industry.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="George_Rosenkranz" title="George Rosenkranz">George Rosenkranz</a> and <a href="Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> went on to synthesize <a href="Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a> from <a href="Diosgenin" title="Diosgenin">diosgenin</a>, the same phytosteroid contained in Mexican yams used to synthesize progesterone and norethindrone. The synthesis was more economical than the previous <a href="Merck_%26_Co." title="Merck & Co.">Merck & Co.</a> synthesis, which started with <a href="Bile_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile acids">bile acids</a>.

</p><p>In 1959, Syntex moved its operating headquarters to <a href="Palo_Alto%2C_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>, United States, and evolved into a <a href="Transnational_corporation" title="Transnational corporation">transnational corporation</a>. Its foreign scientists had become frustrated with <a href="Red_tape" title="Red tape">bureaucratic delays</a> on the part of the <a href="Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Mexican government</a> in granting <a href="Visa_policy_of_Mexico" title="Visa policy of Mexico">work visas</a> and approving necessary imports of pharmaceutical materials for their work. After 1959, Syntex was incorporated in Panama; its administration, research and marketing were conducted from Palo Alto; its manufacturing of bulk steroid intermediates remained in Mexico; and it also manufactured finished drugs at plants in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas.<sup id="cite_ref-Gereffi_Page_110_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gereffi_Page_110-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Syntex agreed to be acquired by <a href="Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">the Roche group</a> in May 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the acquisition closed, Roche downsized Syntex's research and development facilities in the <a href="Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a> and finally shut down what was left of Syntex in September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Oremus_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oremus-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, <a href="VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a> moved into the former Syntex campus in Palo Alto.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheyner_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheyner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_researchers">Prominent researchers</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Russell_Earl_Marker" title="Russell Earl Marker">Russell Marker</a> co-founded the company in 1944. In May 1945, realizing that he was being left out of the company's profits, he left the company. When Marker took his notebooks with him, production was severely hampered because he had done the synthesis himself and had coded the reagent bottles.</li>

<li><a href="George_Rosenkranz" title="George Rosenkranz">George Rosenkranz</a> had studied at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and was conducting pharmaceutical research in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He joined Syntex in 1945 to replace Marker. He hired Djerassi in 1949.</li>

<li><a href="Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> went to work at Syntex in 1949 as the associate director of chemical research. He remained there through 1951, leaving to join the faculty of the Chemistry Department at Wayne State University (Detroit, Michigan) starting in 1952. He later returned to the company in 1957, was involved in the company's move to Palo Alto (where he had become a professor of chemistry at Stanford in 1960), and stayed around this time until 1972.</li>

<li><a href="Alejandro_Zaffaroni" title="Alejandro Zaffaroni">Alejandro Zaffaroni</a> developed procedures for identifying and separating steroids using paper chromatography while studying at the University of Rochester, and joined Syntex as a research biochemist in 1951. He became vice-president in 1956, and was appointed president of Syntex's U.S. subsidiary in Palo Alto, California in 1962.</li>

<li><a href="Luis_E._Miramontes" title="Luis E. Miramontes">Luis E. Miramontes</a> moved from <a href="UNAM" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAM">UNAM</a> to Syntex in 1950 as a researcher under Djerassi. Under the direction of Djerassi and Rosenkranz, he performed the last step of the first synthesis of an orally highly active <a href="Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">progestin</a> on 15 October 1951. The semi-synthetic steroid, norethisterone (19-Nor-17-alpha-ethynyltestosterone), was the first orally highly active progestin, which led to the development of the first <a href="Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">oral contraceptive pills</a>.</li>

<li>Albert Bowers joined Syntex, in 1956 as research group leader; went on to publish more than 90 scientific papers on steroid research and originated more than 120 U.S. patents. Bowers became president of Syntex in 1976, was chief executive officer from 1980 to 1989 and had served as chairman of the board, 1981-1990.</li>

<li><a href="Jerzy_Rzedowski" title="Jerzy Rzedowski">Jerzy Rzedowski</a> worked as an explorer botanist. He later became the most prominent plant scientist in Mexico.</li>

<li><a href="Ralph_Dorfman" title="Ralph Dorfman">Ralph Dorfman</a> Joined the company as a consultant in 1960, eventually serving as President of Syntex Research from 1967–1973</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_control_pill">Birth control pill</h2></div>

<p>Syntex submitted its compound to a laboratory in <a href="Madison%2C_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>, for biological evaluation, and found it was the most active, orally-effective progestational hormone of its time. Syntex submitted a patent application in November 1951. In August 1953, <a href="G.D._Searle_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="G.D. Searle & Co.">G.D. Searle & Co.</a> filed for a patent for the synthesis of the double-bond isomer 13 of norethindrone called <a href="Noretynodrel" title="Noretynodrel">noretynodrel</a>. Noretynodrel is converted into norethisterone under acidic conditions, such as those in the human <a href="Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, and the new patent did not infringe on the Syntex patent. Searle obtained approval to market noretynodrel before Syntex received its approval. By 1964 three companies, including Syntex, <a href="G.D._Searle" class="mw-redirect" title="G.D. Searle">G.D. Searle</a>, and <a href="Johnson_%26_Johnson" title="Johnson & Johnson">Johnson & Johnson</a> under the <a href="Ortho_Pharmaceutical" title="Ortho Pharmaceutical">Ortho Pharmaceutical</a> brand, were marketing 2-mg doses of the Syntex norethindrone.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_misconduct">Scientific misconduct</h2></div>

<p>Syntex's submission of a fraudulent toxicology analysis of <a href="Naproxen" title="Naproxen">naproxen</a> largely led to the <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>'s uncovering of extensive scientific misconduct by <a href="Industrial_Bio-Test_Laboratories" title="Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories">Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories</a> in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_1983-06-10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_1983-06-10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_1983-05-16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_1983-05-16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merrell_1981_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrell_1981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poisoned_Research_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poisoned_Research-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div>

<p>An investigation by several animal protection NGOs shows that Syntex is involved in the export of Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin produced in South America by laboratory mares kept by bloodstock farms, all under conditions of animal cruelty, including live abortions, beatings, and lack of veterinary care.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFGereffi1983" class="citation book cs1">Gereffi, Gary (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4grDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA83"><i>The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World</i></a> (2017 reprint ed.). Princeton University Press: Princeton. p. 83. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781400886227</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Laveaga_Page_3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laveaga_Page_3_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaveaga2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Gabriela_Soto_Laveaga" title="Gabriela Soto Laveaga">Laveaga, Gabriela Soto</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRvzw39OccwC&pg=PA3"><i>Jungle Laboratories: Mexican Peasants, National Projects, and the Making of the Pill</i></a>. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 3. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780822391968</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/dam/acsorg/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/progesteronesynthesis/marker-degradation-creation-of-the-mexican-steroid-industry-by-russell-marker-commemorative-booklet.pdf">"The 'Marker Degradation' & Creation of the Mexican Steroid Hormone Industry 1938–1945"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ACS.org</i>. 1999.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden2019" class="citation news cs1">McFadden, Robert D. (2019-06-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/23/obituaries/george-rosenkranz-dies-at-102.html">"George Rosenkranz, 102, a Developer of the Birth Control Pill, Is Dead"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Gereffi_Page_110-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gereffi_Page_110_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGereffi1983" class="citation book cs1">Gereffi, Gary (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4grDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>The Pharmaceutical Industry and Dependency in the Third World</i></a> (2017 reprint ed.). Princeton University Press: Princeton. p. 110. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781400886227</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFreudenheim1994" class="citation news cs1">Freudenheim, Milt (3 May 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/03/business/company-news-roche-set-to-acquire-syntex.html">"Roche Set To Acquire Syntex"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Oremus-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oremus_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOremus2008" class="citation news cs1">Oremus, Will (September 2, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2008/09/02/roche-confirms-closing-of-palo-alto-complex/">"Roche confirms closing of Palo Alto complex"</a>. <i>San Jose Mercury News</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sheyner-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sheyner_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSheyner2011" class="citation news cs1">Sheyner, Gennady (November 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2011/11/21/vmware-unveils-plan-for-massive-campus-expansion">"VMware unveils plan for massive campus expansion"</a>. <i>Palo Alto Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenkranz had fled Nazi Germany to avoid the eventual Holocaust; while in Cuba en route to South America, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor stranded him there. He was able to work there for the duration of the war.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Marshall_1983-06-10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_1983-06-10_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1983" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Eliot (1983-06-10). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/lnn13c00/pdf">"The murky world of toxicity testing"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>220</b> (4602): <span class="nowrap">1130–</span>1132. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...220.1130M">1983Sci...220.1130M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.6857237">10.1126/science.6857237</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6857237">6857237</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-27</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-NYT_1983-05-16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_1983-05-16_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/16/opinion/the-scandal-in-chemical-testing.html">"The Scandal in Chemical Testing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 1983-05-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-27</span></span>. <q>The problem was discovered only by accident, when a Government official looking for something else pulled out a file of IBT data by mistake.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Merrell_1981-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merrell_1981_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMerrell1981" class="citation journal cs1">Merrell, Paul (Winter 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223094835/http://www.pesticide.org/get-the-facts/ncap-publications-and-reports/journal-of-pesticide-reform/jpr-vol.2-3-winter-1981.pdf">"The Industrial Bio-Test Caper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NCAP News</i>. <b>2</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pesticide.org/get-the-facts/ncap-publications-and-reports/journal-of-pesticide-reform/jpr-vol.2-3-winter-1981.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-02-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-05</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Poisoned_Research-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Poisoned_Research_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFosterMark_DowieSteve_HubbellIrene_Moosen1982" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Douglas; Mark Dowie; Steve Hubbell; Irene Moosen; Peter Waldman; Center for Investigative Reporting (June 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuYDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA37">"Poisoned Research"</a>. <i>Mother Jones</i>. <b>7</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">38–</span>40, <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43, <span class="nowrap">45–</span>48<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2017/10/06/le-triste-sort-des-juments-elevees-pour-leur-sang-jusqu-a-l-epuisement_5197458_3244.html">"Le triste sort des juments élevées pour leur sang « jusqu'à l'épuisement »"</a> (in French). 2017-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFinger" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Finger, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/france/2017/10/05/des-juments-saignees-aux-quatre-veines-pour-l-elevage-francais_1601168/">"Des juments saignées aux quatre veines pour l'élevage français"</a>. <i>Libération</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> <i>Steroids</i>. 1994 Jan;59(1):58-9</li>

<li><a href="Max_F._Perutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Max F. Perutz">Max F. Perutz</a> <i>I Wish I’d Made You Angry Earlier: Essays on Science, Scientists, and Humanity</i>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press 1998</li>

<li><a href="Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> <i>This Man's Pill: Reflections on the 50th Birthday of the Pill</i>. Oxford University Press 2001</li>

<li>Lara V. Marks <i>Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill</i>. New Haven, Conn., Yale University Press, 2001</li>

<li><a href="Carl_Djerassi" title="Carl Djerassi">Carl Djerassi</a> <i>Steroids Made It Possible</i>. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 1990</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1646372#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata385" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1646372#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata385" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010665752X">ISNI</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-23" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Syntex&oldid=1302130197">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>